Whey Protein and Its Components Lactalbumin and Lactoferrin Affect Energy Balance and Protect against Stroke Onset and Renal Damage in Salt-Loaded, High-Fat Fed Male Spontaneously Hypertensive Stroke-Prone Rats.
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whey protein (WH)-enriched diets are reported to aid in weight loss and to improve cardiovascular health. However, the bioactive components in whey responsible for causing such effects remain unidentified. OBJECTIVE We determined the effects of whey and its components [α-lactalbumin (LA) and lactoferrin (LF)] on energy balance, glucose tolerance, gut hormones, renal damage, and stroke onset in rats. METHODS Male spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone (SHRSP) rats (age 8 wk) were fed isocaloric high-fat (40% kcal) and high-salt (4% wt/wt) diets (n = 8-10/group) and randomized for 8 wk to diets enriched as follows: control (CO): 15% kcal from egg albumin, 45% kcal from carbohydrate; WH: 20%kcal WH isolate + 15% kcal egg albumin; LA: 20% kcal LA + 15% kcal egg albumin; or LF: 20% kcal lactoferrin + 15% kcal egg albumin. Measurements included energy balance (food intake, energy expenditure, and body composition), stroke-related behaviors, brain imaging, glucose tolerance, metabolic hormones, and tissue markers of renal damage. Data were analyzed by linear mixed models with repeated measures or 1-way ANOVA. RESULTS Diets enriched with WH, LA, or LF increased survival, with 25% of rats fed these diets exhibiting stroke-associated morbidity, whereas 90% of CO rats were morbid by 8 wk (P < 0.05). The nephritis scores of rats fed WH-, LA-, or LF-enriched diets were 80%, 92%, and 122% lower than those of COs (P = 0.001). The mRNA abundances of renin and osteopontin were 100-600% lower in rats fed WH-, LA-, or LF-enriched diets than in COs (P < 0.05). Urine albumin concentrations and albumin-to-creatinine ratios were 200% lower in rats fed LF-enriched diets than in COs (P < 0.05). Compared with COs, rats fed LF-enriched diets for 2-3 wk had food intake decreased by 29%, body weight decreased by 13-19%, lean mass decreased by 12-19%, and fat mass decreased by 20% (P < 0.001). Relative to COs, rats fed WH and LA had food intake decreased by 10% (P < 0.1), but COs had 12-45% lower weight than rats fed LA- and WH-enriched diets by 3 wk (P < 0.01). Compared with COs, rats fed WH-enriched diets increased energy expenditure by 7%, whereas, rats fed LA-enriched diets had energy expenditure acutely decreased by 7% during the first 4 d, and rats fed LF-enriched diets had energy expenditure decreased by 7-17% throughout the first week ( P < 0.001). Rats fed LA- and LF-enriched diets had blood glucose decreased by 14-19% (P < 0.05) and WH by 9% (P = 0.1), relative to COs. Compared with COs, rats fed LF had GIP decreased by 90% and PYY by 87% (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Together, these findings indicate that whey and its components α-lactalbumin and lactoferrin improved energy balance and glycemic control, and protected against the onset of neurological deficits associated with stroke and renal damage in male SHRSP rats.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it