Eutectic Etching toward In‐Plane Porosity Manipulation of Cl‐Terminated MXene for High‐Performance Dual‐Ion Battery Anode
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Continuous discoveries in the field of metallic conductive MXenes have shown their feasibility as electrode materials, but their employment remains impeded by low surface area and inhomogeneous edge terminations generated by hazardous HF etching. To solve these problems, for the first time, a eutectic mixture etching strategy is utilized to accomplish one‐step synthesis of Cl‐terminated MXene (Ti3C2Cl2) with tunable in‐plane porosity from a MAX precursor (Ti3AlC2) through manipulating the phase transition of the selected salt melt. Specifically, the temperature and composition of the NaCl/ZnCl2 salt mixture are controlled to initiate a mechanism that creates and critically preserves the MXene pore structure, leading to substantial increment in material mesoporosity and a fourfold increase in surface area. Moreover, X‐ray spectroscopy analyses reveal increased TiC6 octahedral symmetry and density functional theory (DFT) modeling suggests a lower Li diffusion barrier, which imply high suitability for ion transport. Benefiting from these optimizations, mesoporous Ti3C2Cl2 delivers a high capacity of 382 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 as a dual‐ion battery anode, with capacity retention over 89% after 1000 cycles at 2.0 A g−1. Overall, this study presents a green chemistry approach that enables direct synthesis of MXenes with optimal porosity and surface termination for electrochemical applications, providing fresh insights for targeted structure modifications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".