BCI‐control and monitoring system for smart home automation using wavelet classifiers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Brain Computer Interface (BCI) is a major research field that is based upon Electroencephalography (EEG) brain signals, which are captured using EEG electrodes, amplified and filtered before being converted to the digital form in order to perform thorough pre‐processing and machine‐learning. In this study, the design and implementation of the BCI control and monitoring system for smart home automation using wavelet features, which is based upon a dual‐channel analogue EEG signal acquisition module is reported. The designed analogue EEG module performs EEG signal acquisition, signal amplification and filtering. Although the EEG data set contains thousands of samples and more than 15 different classes, we limit our study on 226 samples grouped into seven classes with 8‐second time duration per sample. With careful settings of deep‐learning classifier model parameters, the training and testing were successful with high accuracy results. The designed BCI system has several advantages including a large bandwidth of 400 Hz, low number of EEG electrodes, easy setup, simple user interface, pre‐processing and digital filtering, fast machine learning, multi‐class identification, monitoring and control models, high classification accuracy and low cost. This research work provided several contributions including the creation of recent and original EEG data set using well‐labelled recordings at an adequate sampling rate of 2 kHz. The EEG signal acquisition module with 400‐Hz bandwidth provides precise and rich EEG signal information needed for feature extraction. Our results are reproducible and have been tested and deployed on Raspberry pi 4 with Python. The designed wavelet‐based BCI system consists of analogue EEG signal acquisition and machine‐learning modules, which consist of deep‐learning Multi‐layer perceptron (MLP) classifiers and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) as well as other classifier models for comparison including convolutional neural networks (CNN). The deep learning and LDA classifiers models produced the best performance with average accuracy of 95.6% and 96% for both training and testing data sets.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".