The Strength of Weak Ties and Issues of Embeddedness: A Review of Granovetter's Theories on Social Network and organization/FORCES DE POINTS FAIBLES ET ISSUES D'ENFONCEMENT : UNE REVUE DE THEORIES DEGRANOVETTER SUR L'ANALYSE ET L'ORGANISATION DU RESEAU SOCIAL

Abstract: Based on issues of strength of weak and embeddedness, this paper haven taken a summary and review of Granovetter's theories on social network analysis and organization. Key words: Granovetter, Weak ties, Embeddedness Resume: Base sur les issues de forces de points faibles et d'enfoncement, ce document considere comme un resume et revue de theories de Granovetter sur l'analyse et l'organisation du reseau social. Mots cles: Granovetter, points faibles , enfoncement 1. INTRODUCTION Granovetter's 1973 paper Strength of Weak Ties issued on American Journal of Sociology, is an important article on social network analysis. In this paper, Granovetter hypothesizes that weak can act as crucial bridge and elaborates four dimensions that measure strength of In his view, strong sustain relations within group or organization, while weak can build bonding relations between groups or organizations and gain easily access to non-redundant information unavailable through interaction with strong In other words, weak play a role of bridge in process of information flows between different groups. The hypothesis of strength of weak and such empirical findings has great influence on American and European researchers in social network analysis. 2. THE STRENGTH OF TIES AND THE EMBEDDEDNESS IDEA Granovetter initially uses concept of the strength of ties and makes distinction between strong and weak Furthermore, he proposes that strength of can be measured by following four dimensions: amount of time, emotional intensity, intimacy (mutual confiding), and reciprocal service. In his view, strong are related to higher frequency interaction, more emotional involving, more intimate, and wider reciprocal service, while weak are characterized by lower frequency interaction, less emotional involving, less intimate, and narrower reciprocal service. Granovetter's emphasis on bridging weak is nuclear of his hypothesis of the strength of weak He argued that weak are more likely to link members of different small groups than are strong ones, which tend to be concentrated within particular groups, and thus weak are more likely to move in circle different from our own and will have access to information different from that which we receive ( Granovetter, 1973, pl376 ). Furthermore, Granovetter's empirical study of recent job changers, he found that weak are an important resource in making possible mobility opportunity. Based on empirical findings, Granovetter asserts that though weak are certainly not automatically bridges. What is important, rather, is that all bridges are weak ties. (Granovetter, 1973, pl364). Granovetter has developed idea of is embedded in society proposed by Karl Polani, and again concerns embeddedness ideas by a critique of undersocialized and oversocialized accounts in his 1985 paper Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness. He insists that economic action is closely embedded in networks of interpersonal relations, and argues that trust is very important in economic life, which results from social relations, rather than from institutional arrangements or generalized morality. In other words, he thinks that social networks generate trust and trust is embedded in social network and simultaneously economic action is embedded in structure of trust of social network (Granovetter, 1985, p488). In fact, Granovetter's concept of embeddedness implies that economic exchanges always take place between people who know each other but not completely strange to each other. In comparison with hypothesis of weak ties, concept of embeddedness emphasizes on trust rather than information. But trust should develop on basis of long-term contact or communication between transaction parties. …

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