Bibliographic record
Abstract
Doubly uniparental inheritance (DUI) of mitochondrial DNA is a rare phenomenon occurring in some freshwater and marine bivalves and is usually characterized by the mitochondrial heteroplasmy of male individuals. Previous research on freshwater Unionida mussels showed that hermaphroditic species do not have DUI even if their closest gonochoristic counterparts do. No records showing DUI in a hermaphrodite have ever been reported. Here we show for the first time that the hermaphroditic mussel Semimytilus algosus (Mytilida), very likely has DUI, based on the complete sequences of both mitochondrial DNAs and the distribution of mtDNA types between male and female gonads. The two mitogenomes show considerable divergence (34.7%). The presumably paternal M type mitogenome dominated the male gonads of most studied mussels, while remaining at very low or undetectable levels in the female gonads of the same individuals. If indeed DUI can function in the context of simultaneous hermaphroditism, a change of paradigm regarding its involvement in sex determination is needed. It is apparently associated with gonadal differentiation rather than with sex determination in bivalves.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".