Dynamic Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Pharynx during Deglutition
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: We utilized dynamic magnetic resonance imaging to visualize the pharynx and upper esophageal segment in normal, healthy subjects. METHODS: A 3-T scanner with a 4-channel head coil and a dual-channel neck coil was used to obtain high-speed magnetic resonance images of subjects who were swallowing liquids and pudding. Ninety sequential images were acquired with a temporal resolution of 113 ms. Imaging was performed in axial planes at the levels of the oropharynx and the pharyngoesophageal segment. The images were then analyzed for variables related to alterations in the area of the pharynx and pharyngoesophageal segment during swallowing, as well as temporal measures related to these structures. RESULTS: All subjects tolerated the study protocol without complaint. Changes in the area of the pharyngeal wall lumen and temporal measurements were consistent within and between subjects. The inter-rater and intra-rater reliabilities for the measurement tool were excellent. CONCLUSIONS: Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of the swallow sequence is both feasible and reliable and may eventually complement currently used diagnostic methods, as it adds substantive information.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".