The Development and Application of a Forearm Simulator to Investigate Radial Head Biomechanics
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The forearm is a complex articular unit, with poorly understood biomechanics. A novel forearm simulator to facilitate physiologic testing of cadavers for multiple clinical scenarios was designed, manufactured and validated. A number of outcome measurements were potentiated including the forearm’s resistance to rotation, radiocapitellar contact pressure and area as well as IOM loads. Testing of changes to forearm biomechanics due to radial head excision and variations of radial head arthroplasty dimensions was conducted. Radial head arthroplasty using the correct radial head length and diameter recreated the biomechanics of an intact forearm. Radial head excision as well an implant of non-anatomic length or diameter created abnormal radiocapitellar joint properties and load transfer within the forearm. The simulator had good repeatability and reproducibility. If radial head arthroplasty is clinically required, an implant that is similar in dimensions to the native radial head maintains native forearm biomechanics.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".