Laboratory Investigation of Inorganic Fouling of Low Pressure UV Disinfection Lamps
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Iron(III) (mainly dosed as FeCl3) is one of the main inorganic constituents associated with the fouling of UV lamps during disinfection of wastewater. A low pressure mercury lamp UV system was operated under laboratory conditions to assess the effects of heat and UV light on fouling. Iron(III) was dosed at different concentrations and fouling was monitored by measuring the UV irradiance. The potential for ferric phosphate fouling and the effects of organics were also studied. Results showed that fouling did not occur in recirculating systems over 12 days of observation. However, in flow-through systems, the extent and rate of fouling depended on the solution Fe concentration. Furthermore, addition of phosphorus increased the fouling rate. Bulk precipitation appeared to be significant at iron(III) dosing over 3 mg/L. Theoretical predictions of an equilibrium model (MINEQL+) showed similar trends with measured concentrations of soluble Fe and P from batch tests. However, model predictions of temperature effects alone could not account for the observed solids deposition on the quartz sleeve. Bulk precipitation, followed by sedimentation, was considered to be the dominant mechanism at high iron (III) concentrations.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".