Estimation of Costs of Cars and Light Truck Use per Vehicle-Kilometer in Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Vehicle operating cost information is important for many types of transportation policy analysis, planning and economic evaluation, such as project benefit/cost analysis. As one component of the overall full cost investigation, this paper presents the results of a detailed study to estimate the costs per vehicle kilometer of Canadian owned cars and light trucks use in the year 2000 including capital costs of depreciation of the vehicle, financing cost of vehicle purchase, fuel costs, registration or license fees, road or bridge tolls, insurance, and other maintenance and operating costs. A total of 11 vehicle classes are included in the analysis from a two-seater auto to a large cargo van. Then a typical vehicle representing each vehicle class/vintage is used to estimate ownership and operating cost of each vehicle class including depreciation, insurance premium, and fuel and other operating costs in different Canadian provinces. Costs of operating in congested conditions are examined via a literature search while cost comparison of U.S. and Canadian costs on Canadian roads shows that U.S. vehicles generally operate at a 21% lower cost than Canadian vehicles.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".