Hepatitis B in childhood: An update for the paediatrician
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection may lead to acute or chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The incidence rate of paediatric hepatitis B is 0.2/100,000 to 1.8/100,000 in Canada. Hepatitis B virus infection is acquired largely through mother-to-infant (vertical) or community-based (horizontal) transmission in early childhood, whereas older children are susceptible to HBV infection through exposure to contaminated blood during intravenous drug use or through sexual transmission. Immigrants from endemic areas and some Native Canadian populations are also at a higher risk for HBV infection. Infection with HBV may manifest in three forms: acute self-limited hepatitis, chronic hepatitis or massive hepatic necrosis causing acute liver failure. The identification of HBV infection and the characterization of the disease relies on serological and virological tests. The course of chronic hepatitis B may be classified into three phases: an immunotolerant phase, an active phase and an inactive phase. Current treatment options include interferon-alpha and lamivudine for individuals with elevated serum alanine aminotransferase levels and markers of persistent viral replication. Children with chronic hepatitis B require regular monitoring and age-appropriate lifestyle counselling. Paediatricians are well-positioned to promote vaccination and encourage testing of those who are at risk for hepatitis B. With effective universal vaccination against hepatitis B, this infection could be essentially eliminated in Canada.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".