THE IMPACT OF DISCOUNT AIRLINES ON DOMESTIC FARES IN CANADA
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The oligopolistic tendencies of the airline industry are even more pronounced in Canada than in the U.S.; indeed, in the late 1990s, only 2 airlines--Air Canada and Canadian Airlines--account for about 80% of industry operating revenues according to the government ministry for transportation. In the face of such extreme market concentration, it might be expected that low-fare carriers would be especially important in suppressing fares of the major airlines. However, the impact of low-fare carriers in the Canadian context has not been tested empirically. The aim of this article is to determine whether the presence of a low-fare carrier on a domestic Canadian route suppresses the fares of the major airlines. Background material is first provided, followed by a regression analysis applied to data on 163 city-pairs within Canada to identify the effect, if any, of low-fare carriers on major airline fares. Lastly, the implications for public policy are briefly discussed.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it