There Is Nothing Light About Feathers: Finding Form in the Jurisprudence of Native American Religious Exemptions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The First Amendment's protection of religious freedom is among the most cherished, most fundamental, and most debated facets of modern American constitutional law. 1 The Amendment and the often fierce debate surrounding its reach are colored by deeply rooted American traditions of faith and spirituality.For example, the first permanent European settlers in America braved the Atlantic for the express purpose of finding religious freedom-truly leaving a legacy of faith. 2 Their faith and their presence in North America, however, were preceded by the first Americans, the Indians, 3 whose spirituality was not only a religion, but a 1. "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances."U.S. CONST.amend.I.2. See Everson v. Bd. of Educ., 330 U.S. 1, 8-10 (1947) ("A large proportion of the early settlers of this country came here from Europe to escape the bondage of laws which compelled them to support and attend government-favored churches.")Ironically, the early settlers, with chartered authority of the English Crown, created government sponsored religious establishments that all were required to both attend and give financial support.Id. at 9. By 1619, the Virginia legislature had passed laws providing governmental support of the Anglican clergy.See A DOCUMENTARY HISTORY OF RELIGION IN AMERICA TO 1877, at 58 (Edwin S. Gaustad & Mark A. Noll eds., 3d ed.2003
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.010 | 0.011 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.013 | 0.055 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.010 | 0.007 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.007 | 0.012 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".