Longitudinal Associations of Importance of Religion and Frequency of Service Attendance with Depression Risk among Adolescents in Nova Scotia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To examine the directionality of associations between self-reported religious importance or worship attendance and depression among adolescents, and to determine whether social supports or general self-efficacy are mechanisms of observed associations. METHOD: A cohort (n = 976) of Canadian high school students were surveyed in Grade 10 (2000 to 2001) and 2 years later (2002 to 2003). Logistic regression was conducted separately among adolescents with and without elevated depressive symptoms to examine associations between baseline religious attendance and religious importance with later depression, adjusting for confounding factors. Effects of reverse causation were also assessed, determining associations between baseline depression and follow-up religious attendance and importance. RESULTS: Girls who were not depressed at baseline and who attended religious services had lower odds of later depression (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 0.46; 95% CI 0.22 to 0.95, P < 0.05), which was accounted for by general self-efficacy. Boys who were depressed at baseline who attended religious services had lower odds of still being depressed at follow-up (AOR 0.23; 95% CI 0.06 to 0.80, P < 0.01). Depression at baseline predicted lower attendance at follow-up among boys (AOR 0.26; 95% CI 0.09 to 0.75, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Religious attendance independently predicts lower depression at follow- up among girls, and may do so by increasing self-efficacy. Among boys with depression, religious attendance predicts a lower likelihood of still being depressed at follow-up. The relation between religious attendance and depression in boys is bidirectional.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".