Speckle photography for measuring 3-D deformation inside a transparent soil model
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper addresses the needs for non-intrusively measuring 3-D internal soil deformation for various geotechnical engineering problems. In this study transparent soils are used to model a soil profile of sand overlying soft clay. Transparent soils are made of either transparent amorphous silica gels or powders with a pore fluid having the same refractive index. Conventional geotechnical tests showed that transparent soil exhibited macro-geotechnical properties similar to those of natural soils. A comparison study also showed that transparent soils can be used to simulate natural soil in model tests. An optical system consisting of a laser light, a CCD camera, a frame grabber, and a computer was developed to optically slice the transparent soil model. A distinctive laser speckle pattern is generated by the interaction between laser light and transparent soil. Speckle photography was used to calculate the 2-D displacement field by cross-correlating two consecutive images captured during footing settlement. A 3-D displacement field under a model footing was obtained in Matlab®by combining multiple slices of 2-D displacement fields. Test results showed that the developed optical system and transparent soil are suitable for studying 3-D soil-structural interaction problems
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".