Guerre civile et formation de l'État dans le Midi d'Italie (1860-1865) : histoire et usages du "Grand Brigandage" en Basilicate
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Focusing on the Basilicata and opting for a closer look at actors, this work refers to a violent episode of the Italian unification process that still attracts a lot of debate: the Great Brigandage (1860- 1865). Dissecting the concept of civil war, the study leads to four results. First of all, we discover from behind the word-screen "brigandage" an attempt at an armed counter-revolution from the fall of 1860 to the summer of 1862. Thought of by the exiled Neapolitan government and instigated by local supporters of a restoration, it mobilized variously motivated actors. Distinguishing itself from macro-sociological explanations, the study allows the reconstruction of individual careers and the social mechanisms of the rebellion. Our second result is that it is appropriate to define post-unity Brigandage as a civil war. Fought in both camps by armed civilians, the war on brigandage, however, was more a Southern civil war than an Italian one. Whatever the combatants’ motivations, the issue of the clash was also clearly political. Third, the civil war did not last for long. At standstill, the conflict enabled the sedimentation of the brigandage that went hand in hand with profound changes in both the register of action and the political aims and support of brigands’ groups. The political rebellion turned into an effective criminality of armed gangs, perfectly embedded in local society. The conflict changed into a diffused confrontation in which the issue was less the preservation of the unitary state than its rooting among populations of the South. The state embarked on a conquest that was probably less one of hearts than one of minds. Allowing the mobilization of people against gangs, this led to the elimination of the brigands. Through the struggle, the unitary state imposed itself therefore upon the people of the South as a stable element that had to be taken into account for the definition of individual or collective strategies. But thanks to the structures created allowing local participation in the repression, the fight against brigands also contributed to the national political acculturation of southern populations. The brigandage war of the 1860s was thus a civil war of unification that became a conflict of state- and nation-making in the south of Italy. Finally, the work continues to this day so as to better understand the vividness of current debates and the present identity uses of this conflicting past. The reinvention of the post-unity Brigandage pertains today to a reconfiguration of the nation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".