US-Pakistan Relations: The Geo-Strategic and Geopolitical Factors/RELATIONS AMERICANO-PAKISTANAISES: LA GEOSTRATEGIE ET DES FACTEURS GEOPOLITIQUES
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract: The relations between the United States and Pakistan (US-Pakistan relations) have a very tumultuous history, which is spread over nearly six decades. Owing to the diverse strategic and, sometimes, incompatible strategic interests, these relations have seen various engagements and estrangements. This paper aims at exploring the role played by the geostrategic and geopolitical factors in bringing US closer to Pakistan. It takes into account the cost and benefits of these relations for Pakistan and the United States. It also highlights the present warmth in relations between the United States and Pakistan in the perspective of geo-strategic and geopolitical factors. It also discusses the future prospects of these relations. Key words: US-Pakistan Relations; Geostrategic factors; Geopolitical factors Resume: Les relations entre les Etats-Unis et le Pakistan (les relations americano-pakistanaises) ont une histoire tres tumultueuse, qui s'etale sur pres de six decennies. En raison des strategies diverses et, parfois, des interets strategiques incompatibles, ces relations ont vu des engagements et des brouilles varies. Le present article vise a etudier le role de la geostrategie et des facteurs geopolitiques qui ramenent les Etats-Unis plus proches du Pakistan. Il prend en compte le cout et les avantages de ces relations pour le Pakistan et les Etats-Unis. Il souligne egalement le rechauffement present dans les relations entre les Etats-Unis et le Pakistan dans la perspective de geostrategie et des facteurs geopolitiques. Il aborde egalement les perspectives futures de ces relations. Mots-Cles: relations americano-pakistanaises; facteurs geostrategiques; facteurs geopolitiques Geography determines a nation 's history - the political significance of an area bears a well-defined relation to its climate, landforms and natural resources. A Napoleonic Dictum INTRODUCTION US-Pakistan relations are greatly indebted to the geo-strategie and geopolitical significance of the latter. There is no denying the fact that geography controls the political environment of a country and the same is true about Pakistan. Besides opportunities, the geography poses some challenges too. There is no escape from one's geography and from its impact on one's policies (Mujtaba Razvi, 200 1 .). The security of a state largely depends upon the extent to which it adopts a vigilant policy towards her neighbors that postulates a sound frontier policy. It is also stated by the scholars of international politics and diplomacy that the defense and foreign policies of the 'small' and 'weak' states do contribute to shape regional and international politics (Hasan Askari Rizvi, 2001). All these are true for Pakistan. Looking at the past, it can be seen that owing to the strategic worth of South Asia, it has always been the focus of world attention and after the partition of Indian subcontinent in 1947 into two independent states of Pakistan and India, its importance remained the same. Both the states were viewed as key players in checking the influence of communist threat emanating from both Soviet Union and China. In 1947, possessing a unique geographical location, Pakistan consisted two distant parts; the West Pakistan, in the Indus River basin and the East Pakistan (later on became Bangladesh in December 1971) located more than 1000 miles (1600 kilometers) away in the Ganges River delta. Separated from each other, these two wings had 1000km wide Indian territory between them. On the West, Pakistan borders with Afghanistan, whose one kilometer narrow Wahkhan strip kept the defunct Soviet Union away from Pakistani frontiers. To the North, she has the Peoples Republic of China. The oil rich heart of the Persian Gulf region-Iran, is in the northwest of Pakistan. In the South, the Arabian Sea, the northwestern extension of the strategically important Indian Ocean washes Pakistan's coastal shores. …
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".