Nephropathy complications in the hyperglycaemic Psammomys obesus, an animal model for type 2 diabetes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Psammomys obesus lives on low energy diet in its natural desert habitat. However, in laboratory conditions under high energy diet, it exhibits metabolic symptoms of type 2 diabetes and is becoming an excellent animal model for type 2 diabetes. The present study has evaluated histo‐pathological and metabolic renal alterations occurring in this animal under short term hyperglycaemic conditions. Renal functions were characterized by measuring GFR, protein excretion, protein/creatinine ratio and by morpho‐immunocytochemical evaluations of the renal tissue. The hyperglycaemic animal presents a 54% increase in GFR after one month of hyperglycaemia and a decrease of 47% after 4 months of hyperglycaemia. Protein excretion was significantly increased (2.50±0.45 vs 0.50±0.02 mg/24h) and electron microscopy immunocytochemical quantitative evaluations revealed the passage of serum albumin across the glomerular wall (0.44±0.01 vs 0.35±0.07, p<0.005). Furthermore, although the thickness of the glomerular basement membrane did not increase significantly after 3 months of hyperglycaemia (164.75±9.90 vs 159.25±9.10 nm), focal accumulations of basement membrane material as well as splitting of the glomerular basement membrane were frequent. In addition, glycogen‐filled Armanni‐Ebstein clear cells were numerous in the distal tubules including the thick ascending limbs of hyperglycaemic animals. These renal complications which consist of physiological and histo‐pathological changes are very similar to the clinical profiles of diabetic patients. The Psamommys obesus appears as a quite valuable animal model for human type 2 diabetes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".