The rise of an international market for executive labour
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper explores the rise of an international market for top management team members in Europe, identifying patterns and trends, and exploring the antecedents to the emergence of TMT nationality diversity. We analyse a panel dataset of large European non-financial firms based in Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. This dataset consists of more than 7000 individual observations of executives' nationalities at the year-ends of 2005, 2004, 2002, and 2000. We find that over this period Swiss, Dutch, and Finnish firms stepped up the hiring of foreign top executives, while Danish and Norwegian firms employed a lower percentage of foreign top managers. We identify some key antecedents to top management team internationalisation, most notably firms' executive compensation and foreign ownership levels.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it