Endothelin‐1 Expression In Vascular Adventitia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background and hypothesis Emerging evidence indicates that the vascular adventitia is a dynamic tissue and may play a critical role in the development and progression of vascular disorders. Endothelin‐1 (ET‐1) is a potent vasoactive peptide, mediating both vascular contractile and growth responses. Endothelial cells are a major source of ET‐1, but the possibility that vascular adventitial fibroblasts generate ET‐1 has not been explored. We hypothesized that aortic adventitial fibroblasts have the ability to produce ET‐1. Methods For studies in cultured cells, vascular adventitial fibroblasts were isolated from the mouse (15 weeks of age) thoracic aorta and incubated with various concentrations of angiotensin II (Ang II). mRNA levels of preproET‐1 were detected by RT‐PCR. ET‐1 levels in the culture medium were measured by ELISA. In another set of study, after being anesthetized and euthanized by exsanguinations, the aortas were isolated, formalin fixed, embedded in paraffin, and then serially sectioned. The expressions of ET‐1 were determined by immunofluorescence staining. Results and Conclusion Ang II induced an increase in preproET‐1 mRNA levels and the immunoreactive peptide ET‐1 levels. The increases in preproET‐1 mRNA expression and ET‐1 release were blocked by Losartan, an AT1‐receptor antagonist but not PD123319 , an AT2‐receptor antagonist. In the aorta sections, although staining of ET‐1 was present throughout the vascular wall, the majority of its expression was observed in both the adventitial and endothelial layers. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that the adventitia contributes to ET‐1 production which suggests the possibility for the adventitia to contribute to regulate vascular functions. We would like to acknowledge our granting agency the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".