Corrosion of steel in a CO2-containing solution droplet generated in wet gas pipelines studied by scanning Kelvin probe
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
A scanning Kelvin probe (SKP) was used to study corrosion of X52 pipeline steel under a CO2-containing solution droplet simulating the water condensate generated in interior of wet gas pipelines. The Volta potential measured by SKP was indicative of the feature of corrosion occurring under the droplet. Three potential zones were observed from the droplet center towards the transition and the side of the droplet, which were -0.1 V, -0.4 V and 0.1 V (Kelvin probe, kp), respectively, after 4 h of testing. The droplet side had the highest Volta potential, which was attributed to corrosion scale generation and precipitation due to a limited solution volume and achieved solubility limit of FeCO3 scale. The transition zone possessed the most negative Volta potential due to a higher corrosion activity than the droplet center with more supply and dissolution of CO2, while the droplet center had the thickest solution. The SKP measurements could estimate the volume evolution of the solution droplet with time at a relatively accurate scale. The solution droplet could maintain its topographic feature, i.e., a spherical cap shape, within 4 h of testing in this work. The increase in droplet concentration due to solution evaporation during testing affected the Volta potential, but slightly only.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it