Experimental Monitoring of Nonlinear Wave Interactions Under Uniaxial Load
Bibliographic record
Abstract
It is now well-established that earthquakes change the seismic velocity of the near surface. There is certainly some understanding of what mechanisms are responsible for these changes, but there remain many questions. One of these open questions is how cracks and other microstructures within the rock control these changing velocities. Here we look at the nonlinear interaction of two waves, one of which (the PUMP) simulates the effect of an earthquake and the other (the probe) senses the changes in the travel time caused by the passage of the PUMP wave. We use a sandstone sample that is established to have a nonlinear response that depends on the orientation of the sample layering. We study two samples with different orientations of this layering, which we infer to be different orientations of the micro-structure. We show that the dependence of these changes on applied load are exponential, with a characteristic load of 11.4-12.5~MPa that is independent of sample orientation and probe wavetype (P or S); this value agrees with results from the literature.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".