The front runner in roll waves produced by local disturbances
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Roll waves produced by a local disturbance comprise a group of shock waves with steep fronts. We used a robust and accurate numerical scheme to capture the steep fronts in a shallow-water hydraulic model of the waves. Our simulations of the waves in clear water revealed the existence of a front runner with an exceedingly large amplitude – much greater than those of all other shock waves in the wave group. The trailing waves at the back remained periodic. Waves were produced continuously within the group due to nonlinear instability. The celerity depended on the wave amplitude. Over time, the instability produced an increasing number of shock waves in an ever-expanding wave group. We conducted simulations for three types of local disturbances of very different duration over a range of amplitudes. We interpreted the simulation results for the front runner and the trailing waves, guided by an analytical solution and the laboratory data available for the smaller waves in the trailing end of the wave group.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".