Bibliographic record
Abstract
<strong class="journal-contentHeaderColor">Abstract.</strong> Information on marine CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> system variability has been limited along the northeast Pacific Inside Passage despite the region's rich biodiversity, abundant fisheries, and developing aquaculture industry. Beginning in 2017, the Alaska Marine Highway System M/V <i>Columbia</i> has served as a platform for surface underway data collection while conducting twice weekly <span class="inline-formula">â¼1600</span>âkm transits between Bellingham, Washington, and Skagway, Alaska. Marine CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> system patterns were evaluated using measurements made over a 2-year period, which revealed the seasonal cycle as the dominant mode of temporal variability. The amplitude of this signal varied spatially and was modulated by the relative influences of tidal mixing, net community production, and the magnitude and character of freshwater input. Surface water pH<span class="inline-formula"><sub>T</sub></span> (total hydrogen ion scale) and aragonite saturation state (<span class="inline-formula">Ω<sub>arag</sub></span>) were determined using carbon dioxide partial pressure (<span class="inline-formula"><i>p</i></span>CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span>) data with alkalinity derived from a regional salinity-based relationship, which was evaluated using intervals of discrete seawater samples and underway pH measurements. High-<span class="inline-formula"><i>p</i></span>CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span>, low-pH<span class="inline-formula"><sub>T</sub></span>, and corrosive <span class="inline-formula">Ω<sub>arag</sub></span> conditions (<span class="inline-formula">Ω<sub>arag</sub><1</span>) were seen during winter and within persistent tidal mixing zones, and corrosive <span class="inline-formula">Ω<sub>arag</sub></span> values were also seen in areas that receive significant glacial melt in summer. Biophysical drivers are shown to dominate <span class="inline-formula"><i>p</i></span>CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> variability over most of the Inside Passage except in areas highly impacted by glacial melt. pH<span class="inline-formula"><sub>T</sub></span> and <span class="inline-formula">Ω<sub>arag</sub></span> extremes were also characterized based on degrees of variability and severity, and regional differences were evident. Computations of the time of detection identified tidal mixing zones as strategic observing sites with relatively short time spans required to capture secular trends in seawater <span class="inline-formula"><i>p</i></span>CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> equivalent to the contemporary rise in atmospheric CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span>. Finally, estimates of anthropogenic CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> showed notable spatiotemporal variability. Changes in total hydrogen ion content ([H<span class="inline-formula"><sup>+</sup></span>]<span class="inline-formula"><sub>T</sub></span>), pH<span class="inline-formula"><sub>T</sub></span>, and <span class="inline-formula">Ω<sub>arag</sub></span> over the industrial era and to an atmospheric <span class="inline-formula"><i>p</i></span>CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> level consistent with a 1.5â<span class="inline-formula"><sup>â</sup></span>C warmer climate were theoretically evaluated. These calculations revealed greater absolute changes in [H<span class="inline-formula"><sup>+</sup></span>]<span class="inline-formula"><sub>T</sub></span> and pH<span class="inline-formula"><sub>T</sub></span> in winter as opposed to larger <span class="inline-formula">Ω<sub>arag</sub></span> change in summer. The contemporary acidification signal everywhere along the Inside Passage exceeded the global average, with specific areas, namely Johnstone Strait and the Salish Sea, standing out as potential bellwethers for the emergence of biological ocean acidification (OA) impacts. Nearly half of the contemporary acidification signal is expected over the coming 15 years, with an atmospheric CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> trajectory that continues to be shaped by fossilâfuel development.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.137 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".