Effect of limestone particle size on performance, eggshell quality, bone strength, and in vitro/in vivo solubility in laying hens: a meta-analysis approach
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Numerous publications over the past 5 decades have investigated the effect of limestone particle size (LmPS) on production performance, bone mineralization, and limestone solubilization in laying hens. Coarse limestone particles have been shown to improve eggshell quality and bone mineralization. However, there is a large variability of responses in birds to this factor, indicating the need to better quantify the effect of modulating factors related to coarse particles that could explain this variability. The objective of this meta-analysis was to study the impact of LmPS on the digestive and metabolic fate of Ca to optimize its utilization by laying hens. Fifty-eight papers published between 1971 and 2019, including 71 experiments were included in this study. Four categories of dependent variables were identified: Ca solubility, production performance, eggshell quality, and bone strength. Independent variables tested were LmPS and age. Results showed that the in vitro solubilization of limestone linearly decreased (P < 0.001; R² = 0.91) while in vivo solubilization linearly increased with LmPS (P < 0.001; R² = 0.91). Coarse limestone particles were retained longer in the gizzard (P < 0.001; R² = 0.60), inducing higher solubilization by gastric juices than fine limestone. LmPS showed no effect on production performance while all eggshell quality parameters increased with LmPS (P < 0.001; R² > 0.91): increasing specific gravity by 0.8%, eggshell thickness by 1.1%, and eggshell breaking strength by 3% when increasing from 0.15 mm to 1.5 mm. LmPS had an effect on tibia breaking strength dependently of age (Age × LmPS, P < 0.001; R² = 0.89): coarse limestone particles increased tibia breaking strength with aging compared to fine limestone particles. The current study renders it possible to quantify the effects of age and LmPS on eggshell quality and tibia breaking strength. This work showed an interaction between eggshell quality and bone strength and showed that LmPS increases bone strength in older laying hens.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.013 | 0.016 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.011 | 0.040 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".