Sex influences the effect of adiposity on arterial stiffness and renin‐angiotensin aldosterone system activity in young adults
Bibliographic record
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Sex influences the cardiovascular risk associated with body mass index (BMI) in older adults. Whether this risk differs by sex in younger adults is unknown. We aimed to evaluate the association between measures of adiposity and arterial stiffness and reninangiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) activity in younger adults, stratified by sex. METHODS: Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and fat mass% (FM%) were measured in healthy participants in a fasting, high-salt state. Arterial stiffness [pulse wave velocity (PWV) and aortic augmentation index (AIx)] were measured at baseline and in response to angiotensin II challenge, a validated marker of RAAS activity. Associations were evaluated using linear regression analysis and stratified by sex. RESULTS: ) participated in the study. No association was observed between any measure of adiposity and PWV, either at baseline or in response to angiotensin II challenge in premenopausal females. In contrast, all measures of adiposity except HC were associated with PWV at baseline (BMI r = 0.32; WC r = 0.18; WHtR r = 0.34; FM r = 0.21; all values p < .05) and in response to AngII (BMI r = -0.39; WC r = -0.42; WHR r = -0.39; and WHtR r = -0.55) in males. Most adiposity measures were positively associated with baseline AIx (BMI r = 0.33; WC r = 0.27; WHtR r = 0.35; FM% r = 0.25; p < .05) in females, while only WHtR was associated with baseline AIx (r = 0.39; p = .04) in males. All measures of adiposity were positively associated with a blunted Aix response to Ang II (all values p < .001) in females. BMI, WC, WHR and WHtR were associated with a blunted AIx response to Ang II (ΔAIx: BMI r = -0.37; WC r = -0.31; WHR r = -0.16; and WHtR r = -0.22; all values p < .05) in males. CONCLUSION: The associations between adiposity measures and cardiovascular risk differ by sex in a young population. These factors should be considered when managing cardiovascular risk.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".