Alzheimer’s disease diagnosis using genetic programming based on higher order spectra features
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In Alzheimer’s diagnosis field, Computer-Aided Diagnosis (CADx) technology can improve the work performance of medical researchers and practitioners since it gives early chances to patient’s eligibility for clinical trials. The aim of this study is to develop a novel CADx system for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) by utilizing genetic programming (GP) as data-driven evolutionary computation based modeling. The proposed method invokes a majority voting based scheme to select a set of most discriminant features which leads to the highest diagnosis accuracy of the final classification. The effectiveness of GP in categorizing patients with Alzheimer’s versus healthy group was revealed by developing models according to their performance in terms of higher-order spectra (HOS) features. The results show that the GP method achieved better performance compared to other the-state-of-the-art approaches. It is also found that the highest accuracy index was yielded by using the proposed data-driven modeling technique. The results of this study emphasize the practicality of GP-based method for developing CADx systems, on the basis of spontaneous speech analysis; can efficiently assist in the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".