Advanced Zinc–Air Batteries with Free-Standing Hierarchical Nanostructures of the Air Cathode for Portable Applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
It is today advanced that the development of a free-standing (binderless) air cathode via direct growth of nonprecious metal electrocatalysts onto the surface of the conductive collector would be a cutting-edge strategy to reduce the interfacial resistance, improve the mechanical stability, and reduce the final weight and the cost of manufacturing. Here, for Zn–air batteries (ZABs), we propose an innovative binderless noble-metal-free hierarchical nanostructured bifunctional air cathode in which high-density MnO x nanorods (NRs) are directly grown on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) themselves synthesized on a microfibrous carbon paper (CP) substrate. All carbon/MnO x air cathodes achieved specific capacities very close to the theoretical value of 820 mAh g Zn –1 . A very stable voltage gap between the charge and discharge processes along hundred cycles was obtained, demonstrating the stability and good bifunctional electrocatalytic activities of these cathodes toward the oxygen reduction reaction/oxygen evolution reaction in a real ZAB device. As a proof-of-concept for handheld electronic applications, a ZAB assembled with CP/MnO x NRs as the air electrode and a Zn plate anode operated a timer for 14 days successfully, whereas two ZAB-based CNTs/MnO x cathodes connected in series powered a 2 V light-emitting diode (LED) bulb and a 3 V multimeter. The proposed strategy and results may pave the way for the rational design of hierarchical free-standing bifunctional electrocatalysts for ZABs, other metal–air batteries, and fuel cells.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".