Antimicrobial Resistance of Streptococcus uberis Isolated from Bovine Mastitis: A Review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Bovine mastitis is one of the common diseases resulting in high economic losses in the dairy industry. Streptococcus uberis, the environmental or contagious pathogen, is one of the most frequently identified bacteria causing clinical and subclinical mastitis. Antimicrobials are commonly used to control bacterial infections in dairy cattle. The emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) bacteria made the treatment of this disease by antimicrobials a challenge. Currently, AMR is a global threat to both human and animal health. This review summarizes the AMR profiles of S. uberis collected worldwide between the years 2000-2020. Most of the studies included in this review were from Europe, Estonia, Canada, Danish, Switzerland and Czech. In general, S. uberis is highly susceptible to β-lactam antimicrobials, whereas resistance to tetracyclines, macrolides, aminoglycosides antimicrobials occurred in most countries. The isolates against most antimicrobials presented an increasing pattern over time. It highlights that monitoring the AMR of S. uberis is crucial to reduce the public health crisis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".