Remote Detection of Sodium and Potassium Atomic Emission Signatures as an Indicator of Liquid Carry-Over into Flare Systems
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Carry-over of salt-laden aerosols into flares at upstream oil and gas production sites is a potentially important driver of adverse flare emissions. However, the frequency of this occurrence at upstream production sites is unknown. Sodium (Na) and potassium (K) are abundant in produced water samples and have persistent atomic emission signatures at 588/589 and 766/769 nm. A pair of spectrometer systems was developed to detect these signatures in flare flames as proof of liquid carry-over. Field measurements of 95 flares at upstream oil and gas production sites in North Dakota, Saskatchewan, and Ecuador found 72% had detectable Na or K signatures, suggesting liquid carry-over is surprisingly common. Analysis of the 76 North Dakota flares found that liquid carry-over was statistically correlated with younger wells and increased volumes of produced oil, water, gas and reported flared/vented volumes. These findings have importance implications for the likely severity of global flare emissions.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".