75 Years After the Social Pact: A Brief History of the Socio-Technical Evolution of Social Security in Belgium
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Belgium was one of the first countries in Western Europe to celebrate at the end of 2019 the 75th anniversary of a generally compulsory social security system. But this was done with a certain reluctance as if the main actors, the administrators of the system, were alienated from the original principles. In this contribution we examine how this social security evolved by also taking socio-technical factors into account. To establish that the current system has indeed moved a long way from the basic principle of 'solidarity', and rather has the characteristics of a large technical system in which individual needs can be detected and an individual compensation system can be developed. Provided that the insured assumes responsibility and actively participates in the welfare society. This is the paradigm of the Third Way, which is complementary to the technical foundation of the current network system. The role of administrators (intermediaries as trade unions, health insurance funds, etc.) is limited in this respect, hence the lukewarm revelry in the celebration of a system in which they hardly recognize themselves.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.008 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.010 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".