Analysis of the Evolution of Income Disparities Among WAEMU Member Countries
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The main aims of this study are to examine the income disparities’ evolution among the West-African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) countries over the period 1980-2019, and to determine whether the reforms implemented in the region since 1994 have helped to reduce or to accentuate the income disparities among the Member States of the Union. The approach used for the analysis is that of sigma-convergence. It consists in studying the evolution of income dispersion over time, standard deviation being generally used as measure of dispersion. The results obtained show a reduction of per capita income inequalities among the WAEMU Member States. They also point out that the reforms undertaken in the area since 1994 have partly helped to reduce the income disparities among nations. In view of these findings, the study recommends to the community authorities to continue the implementation of the reforms and to reinforce the coordination as well as the harmonization of economical, financial and commercial policies of the Union.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".