Design of de Laval nozzles for gas-phase molecular studies in uniform supersonic flow
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A method to design de Laval nozzles to generate uniform supersonic flows for gas-phase molecular studies at very low temperature is presented. The nozzle design is optimized for the flows in argon, helium, or nitrogen, up to Mach 5 and down to a few kelvin. Experimental results have shown that flows exhibit a good uniformity in terms of speed, temperature, and density, with the length of the uniformity of the supersonic flows up to 50 cm which corresponds to a kinetic time of about 1 ms in nitrogen for nozzles with a throat of about 1 cm in diameter. The design of the de Laval nozzles is concentrated at the diverging section. The method is based on the calculation of an isentropic core as described in Owen's work [J. M. Owen, “An improved method of supersonic nozzle design for rarefied gas flows,” Ph.D. thesis (University of California, 1950)] of supersonic nozzle design for rarefied gas flows. The determination of the isentropic nozzle wall is carried out by the method of characteristics following Cronvich's algorithm [L. Cronvich, “A numerical–graphical methods of characteristics for axially symmetric isentropic flow,” J. Aeronaut. Sci. 15, 156–162 (1948)]. The laminar boundary layer is corrected by employing Michel's integral method [R. Michel, “Aérodynamique: Couches limites, frottement et transfert de chaleur” (ENSAE, 1963)]. This approach has already largely shown its potency and had been widely used for 30 years in the field of experimental molecular physics or laboratory astrophysics [sometimes known under the french acronym CRESU for Cinetique de Réaction en Écoulement Supersonique Uniforme (reaction kinetics in uniform supersonic flow)]. Based on this approach, an in-house computer program with graphical user interface to design de Laval nozzles for kinetic studies is published for the first time.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".