Upper Cretaceous European theropod palaeobiodiversity, palaeobiogeography and the intra‐Maastrichtian faunal turnover: new contributions from the Iberian fossil site of Laño
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract A total of 227 theropod teeth have so far been recovered from the upper Campanian Laño site (northern Iberian Peninsula). The teeth were studied for their qualitative and quantitative features. From the theropod sample found at Laño, seven morphotypes attributed to five taxa are identified: a medium to large abelisaurid (Arcovenatorsp.) and four small coelurosaurians (Dromaeosauridae indet., Paraves indet., cf.Paronychodonsp. and cf.Richardoestesiasp.) Together with the ground birdGargantuavisand a possible ornithomimosaur, the theropod fauna of Laño might be composed of two medium–large‐sized non‐avian theropods, four small‐bodied non‐avian theropods and a large terrestrial bird. This makes the Laño site the richest and most diverse latest Cretaceous theropod site in Europe. Furthermore, the Laño site and the Upper Cretaceous localities of Europe that have yielded theropod remains suggest that the medium–large‐sized theropods were abelisaurids or indeterminate theropods. The small theropods are more abundant, diverse and represented by different dromaeosaurids,Paronychodon,Richardoestesiaor related forms, troodontids and, probably, by other paravians. Of the birds, enantiornithines, gargantuaviids and ornithurines are also common in the European Upper Cretaceous sites. The theropod assemblage of Laño, together with the taxa of other Upper Cretaceous sites, supports the idea that several theropod dispersal events took place during the Cretaceous. This resulted in a mixture of European endemic, Asiamerican and Gondwanan forms. This study also supports the hypothesis that the intra‐Maastrichtian faunal turnover that occurred in the Ibero‐Armorican landmass seems to have had no apparent effect on theropods.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".