Characterization of the Role of Extracellular Vesicles Released from Chicken Tracheal Cells in the Antiviral Responses against Avian Influenza Virus
Bibliographic record
Abstract
During viral respiratory infections, the innate antiviral response engages a complex network of cells and coordinates the secretion of key antiviral factors, such as cytokines, which requires high levels of regulation and communication. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are particles released from cells that contain an array of biomolecules, including lipids, proteins, and RNAs. The contents of EVs can be influenced by viral infections and may play a role in the regulation of antiviral responses. We hypothesized that the contents of EVs released from chicken tracheal cells are influenced by viral infection and that these EVs regulate the function of other immune cells, such as macrophages. To this end, we characterized the protein profile of EVs during avian influenza virus (AIV) infection and evaluated the impact of EV stimulation on chicken macrophage functions. A total of 140 differentially expressed proteins were identified upon stimulation with various stimuli. These proteins were shown to be involved in immune responses and cell signaling pathways. In addition, we demonstrated that EVs can activate macrophages. These results suggest that EVs play a role in the induction and modulation of antiviral responses during viral respiratory infections in chickens.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".