Low-Temperature Hydrophilic Pervaporation of Lactic Acid Esterification Reaction Media
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Esterification reactions show a limited conversion due to the presence of water, which favors the opposite reaction. The removal of water from the reaction mixture increases the production of the ester. Pervaporation is an effective dehydration technique, usually applied to binary mixtures. The effect on pervaporation of a reactive multicomponent system involving water, ethanol, ethyl lactate and lactic acid with high acid concentration (13.5 wt. %) at relatively low temperatures (40-80 °C) was studied. Three hydrophilic membranes mainly fabricated for dehydration purposes from Sulzer Chemtech were used, i.e., PERVAP™ 3100, PERVAP™ 2216 and PERVAP™ 1131. The last one revealed as the most suitable for the application and it was further characterized with binary and ternary solutions. The membrane showed high affinity for the lactic acid. The acid permeation played a key role in the water/ethanol and water/ethyl lactate selectivity. Lactic acid permeates and crystalizes in the permeate side of the membrane at very low water concentration (below 2 wt. %), causing a drop in flux and membrane selectivity. Ethyl lactate is responsible of the loss of integrity of the membranes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".