Sytematic Review: The Effect of Plumbum and Zinc on Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a mental disorder characterized by a lack of attention, and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity and is related to the growth and development of one's functions in carrying out social life at home and school. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) can be diagnosed in patients aged 6-18 years. The cause of ADHD is still not known for certain, but there are several factors that are considered to be the cause of ADHD, namely genetic factors, biological factors such as brain development, active neurotransmitter factors, psychosocial factors, trauma factors, family factors, emotional factors or children's temperament, and environmental factors. Environmental factors can include exposure to chemicals, exposure to heavy metals, exposure to toxins, nutrition, and childbirth complications. Pb is a heavy metal and toxin can cause ADHD symptoms. Zn is a compound that when levels in the body are reduced, it can cause ADHD symptoms. Pb and Zn substances are predisposing factors for ADHD. The aim from this study is to determine the effect of Pb and Zn on Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Studies was conducted through 4 e-databases, namely PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and SpringerLink. The literature quality assessment was carried out using the NOS (Newcastle-Ottawa Scale). From 1124 citations, we identified 20 relevant articles consisting of 4 cohort studies, 12 case-control studies, and 4 cross sectional studies. There are 14 studies discussing Pb exposure, 4 studies discussing Zn deficiency, and 2 studies discussing both on ADHD symptoms. Exposure to Lead (Pb) has been shown to have an effect on ADHD symptoms especially the type of hyperactivity and impulsivity and zinc (Zn) deficiency has been shown to affect ADHD symptoms especially the inattention type.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.006 | 0.008 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".