Air Pollution Monitoring System with Prediction Abilities Based on Smart Autonomous Sensors Equipped with ANNs with Novel Training Scheme
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The paper presents a concept of an air pollution monitoring system with prediction abilities, based on wireless smart sensors, that takes into account local conditions (microclimate) prevailing in particular areas of the city. In most cases reported in the literature, artificial neural networks (ANNs) are used to predict future pollution levels. In existing solutions of this type, ANNs are trained with generalized datasets common for larger areas, e.g., cities. Our investigations show, however, that conditions may strongly differ even between particular streets in the city, which may impact prediction quality. This results from varying density of urban development, different levels of insolation, airiness, amounts of greenery, etc. As a result, with similar values of ANN input signals, such as current pollution levels, temperature, pressure, etc., the results of the prediction may differ significantly from reality. For this reason, we propose an innovative solution, in which particular sensors are equipped with miniaturized low-power ANNs, trained with datasets gathered directly from their closest environment, without a need for the obtaining of such data from a base station. This may simplify the installation and maintenance process of a network of such sensors. In a further part of this work, we dealt with solutions that enable the reduction of the computational complexity of ANNs in the case of their implementation on specialized integrated circuits. We propose replacing the most complex mathematical operations used in the learning algorithm with simpler solutions. A prototype chip containing the main blocks of such an ANN was also designed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".