PERSPECTIVES OF THE WORLD STEEL AND COKE MARKETS (on the materials of the international conference "EuroCoke Summit", Amsterdam, 2021)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The article is devoted to the review of the main materials of the international conference Eurocoke-2021, which took place on October 5-6 in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Despite the fact that the conference is named as European, the representatives of the world's leading firms and research centers from the EU, England, Australia, India, USA, China, Ukraine and other countries took part in its work. The article summarizes the main results and conclusions of the reports and discussions. As the most of speakers noted, that despite the impact of the global recession and the logistical difficulties caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the China's ban to use Australian coal, a significant change in the global coal market is not expected in the near future. China's trade policy has led mainly to a redistribution of markets for Australian, American, Canadian and Russian coal. Technologies and researches to replace some of the components of the coking coal charge with a cheaper coal grades or carbonaceous materials of plant origin in order to reduce the cost of coke and steel are still relevant. The strict requirements for limiting greenhouse gas emissions are forcing coke and steel producers to modernize the existing traditional production facilities (including using integrated technologies) to reduce emissions and improve the efficiency of the CO2 capturing and utilization. In the world steel production in the next decade, a significant increase in the share of technologies focused on abandoning coke and blast furnace production is hardly possible due to the high cost and duration of the corresponding projects. Keywords: coke production, steel industry, world coking coal market, steel market, trends, recession, logistics, COVID-19, greenhouse gas emissions, decarbonization, direct iron reduction, integrated technologies, stamped charge coking, biomass, catalysis. Corresponding author E.T. Kovalev, e-mail: post@ukhin.org.ua
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.011 | 0.013 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.010 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.017 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".