Who’s The North? The Challenge that Immigration and Diversity Present to the Dominance of Hockey in 21st Century Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper examines how the growing diversity of Canada’s population has modified the viewership and participation in what is widely considered the country’s national sport: hockey. Using several quantitative sources, we contend that while hockey remains the country’s most popular sport, its domination is increasingly challenged by the attraction to soccer and basketball amongst the expanding numbers of Canadians of non-European origins. The paper also considers how the demographic shifts will influence the extent to which youth participation in hockey remains a key vector in promoting belonging to Canada. In this regard, we found that hockey is relatively unchallenged as the sport that contributes most to a stronger sense of local belonging amongst newcomers. Résumé: Ce article examine comment la diversité croissante de la population canadienne a modifié l’audience et la participation à ce qui est largement considéré comme le sport national du pays : le hockey. À l’aide de plusieurs sources quantitatives, nous soutenons que si le hockey reste le sport le plus populaire du pays, sa domination est de plus en plus contestée par l’attrait du football et du basket-ball parmi le nombre croissant de Canadiens d’origine non-européenne. Le document examine également comment les changements démographiques influenceront la mesure dans laquelle la participation des jeunes au hockey reste un vecteur clé de la promotion de l’appartenance au Canada. À cet égard, nous avons constaté que le hockey est relativement incontesté comme le sport qui contribue le plus à renforcer le sentiment d’appartenance locale chez les jeunes issu de l’immigration. À l’aide de plusieurs sources quantitatives, nous soutenons que si le hockey reste le sport le plus populaire du pays, sa domination est de plus en plus contestée par l’attrait du football et du basket-ball parmi le nombre croissant de Canadiens d’origine noneuropéenne. Le document examine également comment les changements démographiques influenceront la mesure dans laquelle la participation des jeunes au hockey reste un vecteur clé de la promotion de l’appartenance au Canada. À cet égard, nous avons constaté que le hockey est relativement incontesté comme le sport qui contribue le plus à renforcer le sentiment d’appartenance locale chez issus de l’immigration.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.011 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".