Bibliographic record
Abstract
The common belief is that excitations of magnets are always deconfined ``bulk'' spin waves spread out in space, whose quanta are called magnons. In reality all materials have surfaces and interfaces that break translation symmetry, giving rise to excitations that are confined to them, in addition to the deconfined ones. The conditions for the existence of these confined magnons are still unknown. The authors show that extra magnetic anisotropy at the surface or interface plays a key role in magnon confinement, and obtain a characteristic length scale for their spatial localization. Calculations of the spin-scattering function show how confined magnons can be observed with neutron, electron, and photon scattering experiments in a wide variety of materials. The accompanying image shows the heat map for magnon energy versus wave vector in ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic materials. The confined magnon appears as a flat dispersion (delocalized in $q$ space, localized in real space) with energy below the lowest bulk mode.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".