Cation‐/Anion‐Based Physicochemical Mechanisms for Anodically Coloring Electrochromic Nickel Oxide Thin Films
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The rapidly expanding field of intelligent ion‐based devices has increased interest in the use of anodically‐coloring electrochromic nickel oxide thin films. The degradation and coloration mechanisms of nickel oxide, especially in Li + ‐based electrolytes, are yet to be well understood. Herein we demonstrate that high potentials have a positive effect on the electrochromic performance of nickel oxide thin films. Our studies show that Cl − ions involved in the electrochromic process have been accumulated on the surface of the films upon extended electrochemical cycling, as confirmed by the X‐ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. X‐ray Absorption Spectroscopy results indicate that the formation of Ni−Cl bonds influence the structural distortion and that the hybridization between Ni 3d and O 2p orbitals has been enhanced. Density functional theory calculations provide further insights for the band structures and how they change when Li + and Cl − are adsorbed. Our results have revealed the underlying physical and chemical origins associated with the coloration mechanism and the degradation of nickel oxide thin films and highlighted the key role of Cl − . These new understandings will advance the development of superior electrochromic materials and the designing of efficient and durable electrochromic devices, both experimentally and theoretically.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".