Surface Protection and Restoration of Mild Steel under Coating Technology
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Kinetic spray or cold spray (CS) is a metal deposition approach of additive manufacturing that is used to repair the damage or corroded components. Cold spray additive manufacturing (CSAM) is a solid-state deposition technique that works under the high-velocity impact of particles using a de Laval nozzle. A convergent section CS nozzle was designed through numerical modeling. The main factors significantly affecting temperature and particle velocity include the length and diameter of the convergent barrel side, accelerating gas and its particle size, pressure, and temperature. In this study, a numerical approach using finite-element methodology (FEM) and Abaqus/Explicit has been integrated with the experimental investigation. Micro-sized metallic particles, especially nickel, have been used as the coating material on the substrate of mild steel at normal temperature. The characterization technique of scanned electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy has been also used for the validation of this work. FEM with Abaqus/Explicit has been also used to understand the interface bonding between the particle and the substrate.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".