Ophthalmic pathology in patients with primary neurodegenerative diseases
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background The priority problem of modern healthcare is irreversible dementia due to the steady increase in morbidity, which leads to disability and complete dependence of the patient on others. Among irreversible dementias, Alzheimer's disease takes the first place. Most often, only with sufficiently pronounced cognitive disorders, the doctor can diagnose Alzheimer's disease, although it is obvious that the neurodegenerative process begins even before the clinical manifestations of the disease. Due to the common origin of the eye and the brain, we can say that the eye is a "window to the brain". Many scientists note the similarities between gerontophthalmological diseases and Alzheimer's disease. Method The study examined 60 patients who were divided into 2 groups: the first group included patients with Alzheimer's disease who met the criteria of NINCDS ADRDA, the second group included patients with vascular dementia who met the criteria of NINDS‐AIREN. These groups are fully comparable by gender and age. Each group included 9 men and 21 women, with an average age of 65.5 years. All patients underwent a comprehensive neuropsychological examination, using the short Mental Status Assessment Scale (MMSE), the Montreal Cognitive Function Assessment Scale (MoCA), the battery of tests for assessing frontal dysfunction (FAB), the clock drawing test. Also, all patients underwent ophthalmological examination of the visometry, measurement of intraocular pressure, examination of the anterior segment of the eye and fundus, and spectral optical coherence tomography. Result In the course of the study, significant ophthalmic pathology was detected in the group with neurodegenerative changes ‐ age‐related macular degeneration was found in 16.7%, pseudoexfoliative syndrome‐20%, primary open‐angle glaucoma‐46.7%. This means that the risk of developing gerontophthalmological diseases increases in patients with neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, we can assume that the retina is a mirror of neurodegenerative changes in the brain, which will allow to diagnose the disease at early stages and with the help of drug therapy to delay further development of the disease, resulting in reduced disability for patients and socio‐economic costs of society. Conclusion The results obtained are promising for the early diagnosis of primary neurodegenerative diseases and indicate the need for further research on this topic.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".