The early fossil record of glomeromycete fungi: New data on spores associated with early tracheophytes in the Lower Devonian (Emsian; c. 400 Ma) of Gaspé (Quebec, Canada)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Fossil assemblages in the fluvial to coastal deposits of the Early Devonian Battery Point Formation (400–395 Ma; Gaspé Bay, Quebec, Canada) are among the most diverse occurrences of Early Devonian permineralized plants worldwide. The plants host microbial and fungal material, which was studied in cellulose acetate peels and thin sections. The fossil fungal material includes spores that show affinities to the Glomeromycotina, preserved in trimerophyte axes. The spores fall into two size categories, both characterized by complex wall layering and hyphal attachments. Spores in the small category (40–65 μm) occur in a single axis and exhibit few informative features. The most frequently occurring type is the large spores (90–240 μm) that are placed into the new species Glomites oqoti. These spores exhibit four wall layers (when well preserved), of which two are always present: a thick, dark layer and a thin, membranous layer. Several lines of circumstantial evidence suggest that the spores were metabolically active within their plant hosts at the time of fossilization and that the plants were alive at the time of colonization. These observations, along with comparisons with other fossil glomeromycetes and the life history traits of living glomeromycetes, suggest that G. oqoti held an endomycorrhizal role. The Battery Point Formation fossils represent the only Early Devonian glomeromycete occurrence documented outside the Rhynie Chert hot spring deposits. Their occurrence in fluvial-coastal environments and their putative mycorrhizal role suggest that glomeromycetes were relatively ubiquitous symbionts of tracheophytes, like their extant counterparts, by the Early Devonian.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".