Index

Citation (2021), "Index", Rezaei, S., Li, J., Ashourizadeh, S., Ramadani, V. and Gërguri-Rashiti, S. (Ed.) The Emerald Handbook of Women and Entrepreneurship in Developing Economies, Emerald Publishing Limited, Bingley, pp. 409-418. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80071-326-020211022 Publisher: Emerald Publishing Limited Copyright © 2021 by Emerald Publishing Limited INDEX Absolute necessity entrepreneurs, 196 Absolutism, 183 Adult Population Survey (APS), 361, 379 Afghanistan business environment, 214 data and variables, 219–223 descriptive statistics, 216–217 gross domestic product (GDP), 214 individual level, 219–223 institutional level, 225–227 motivational factors, 215 organizational culture, 214 population, 214 psychological factors, 215 restaurant, 214–215 societal level, 223–225 Afghanistan women chamber of commerce and industry (AWCCI), 227 Africa, 229–230, 338 Aḥmad Shāh-e Qājār reign (1909–1925), 174–176 Amirkabir University of Technology, 323 Bangladesh, 356–357 Bartlette’s tests, 216–218 Basic Package of Health Services (BPHS), 226 Bazaar economy, 184 Behavioral/psychological approach, 76 Big data, 296 Blau index, 63–65 Brazil, 3–4, 8, 39, 84 business activity characteristics, 205–207 economic sustainability, 201 employers and self-employed, 200–201 entrepreneurial activities, 192–193, 202 labor market, 197–200 National Register of Legal Entities, 207–208 necessity vs. opportunity, 193–197 self-employment, 192, 204–205, 208 sociodemographic characteristics, 203–204 types, entrepreneurs, 194–196 variation patterns, 202–203 Bulgaria, 255, 285 Burt’s theory, 270 Canada, 320 Case study methodology, 17 Chaotic absolutism, 173–174 Chile women’s entrepreneurial activity, 86 China, 4, 80, 364, 367 Adult Population Survey (APS), 361 business activities, 358–361 career experiences, 112 chi-square, 362 cultural values, 119 descriptive analyses, 363 economic development, 357–358 emancipation perspective, 121–122 entrepreneurial competencies, 358–361 entrepreneurial resilience, 122 formal and informal financing, 42–43 gendered work ideology, 119–121 gender inequity, 112 gender role theory, 42 generational culture, 118–119 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), 357 global financial crisis, 357 goodness-of-fit model, 364 government policies, 358 guanxi network, 114–115 male-dominated entrepreneurial community, 121–122 market-oriented economy, 112 mass entrepreneurship, 357–358 meso-level contextual influences, 111 national entrepreneurial development, 115–117 negotiations, women entrepreneurs vs. societal influences, 121 preentrepreneurial work experience, 113–115 regional culture, 118 social networks, 360 state-owned enterprises, 113 transitional economies, 358 Coding, 254–255 Communication Theory of Resilience, 122 Confirmatory factor analysis, 222 Constitutional Charter, 172–173 Constitutionalism, 173–174 Constitutional Revolution, 180–181 Content analysis, 254–256, 268, 281 Context dependency females’ access, entrepreneurial capital, 376–377 institutional support, 377–378 Contextual effect, country status economic status, 62 environmental quality, 61 gender diversity variable, 62–63 marginal benefit, 63 Control variables, 380 Corporate entrepreneurship correlation variables, 131, 133–134 ease of doing business, 138 labor freedom predictive margins, 136, 138 logistic regressions, 133, 136 opportunity recognition predictive margins, 133, 136–137 perceived skills predictive margins, 133, 136–137 Corporate social responsibility, 52 COVID-19, 5, 7, 103, 106, 154, 310, 356 Creative destruction process, 76 Crowdfunding, 296, 327–328 Cultural context, 232 Cultural-driven triangulation, 184–186 Cultural factors, 234 Culture sensitivity, 223–224 Daneshvar, Nazanin, 324–325 Data mining, 254–255 Deinstitutionalization program, 180 Digital imaging, 296 Digital Immigrants, 295–296 Digital Natives (DNs), 302–303 defined, 295–296 entrepreneurial capacity (EC), 297 entrepreneurial intention (EI), 297, 304–305 Middle East and North Africa (MENA), 297 Digital Natives in Kuwait (DNK), 307–309 Digital Natives in Serbia (DNS), 307–309 3D printing, 296 Dynamic endogeneity, 51 Dynamic entity, 335–336 Dynamic panel data (DPD) model, 51, 54, 56, 59 Economic development status, 50 Economic empowerment, 396 Economic growth, 3–4 The Education of Women , 168–169 Efficiency-based economy, 229–230 Emission reduction score (Emis. Score), 54, 58 Entrepreneurial activity, 127–128 country-level factors, 129–130 individual factors, 127–128 Entrepreneurial capacity (EC), 297 Entrepreneurial capital, 376–377 Entrepreneurial cognition, 41–42 Entrepreneurial creativity, 92 Entrepreneurial ecosystem, Iran, 318 digital entrepreneurs, 323–324 freelancers, 319–320 Iran, 319–321 qualitative research, 322–323 start-up, 320 teams, 320 Entrepreneurial financing, 42–43 Entrepreneurial growth, 248 Entrepreneurial incentives, 94–95 female entrepreneurship conditions, 97–99 individual characteristics, 97–99 need-driven entrepreneurship, 95–96 prospect-driven entrepreneurship, 95–96 support mechanism, 97 Entrepreneurial intention (EI), 36, 41–42, 79, 297 Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire (EIQ), 302–303 Entrepreneurial mindset (EM), 295–296, 302–303, 305–306 Digital Natives (DN), 304–305 factors, 309–310 Entrepreneurial orientation (EO), 179 Entrepreneurial performance, 43–44 Entrepreneurial traits, 223 Environmental performances, 49–50 fixed effects (FEs), 59–60 gender diversity, developed/developing countries, 62–63 Environmental sustainability, 52 Environment, social, and governance (ESG) data, 53 Equity investment, 296 Ethiopia, 270 European Union (EU), 356 Expectancy theory, 374–375 Facebook, 298 Factor-based economy, 229–230 Family norms, Iran, 238 Female Emirati entrepreneurs, 14 entrepreneurial education, 20 initiated product and process innovation, 20–28 innovative vision, 16, 19–21, 28 limitations, 30 marketing innovations, 28 networking, 29 new technology, 20 off-the-job training, 28 organizational innovations, 28 R&D, 28 risk-taking attitude, 29 women-owned SMEs, 19–20 Female entrepreneurship, 36, 39–41 behavioral/psychological approach, 76 business and types, 94 competencies, 78–79 creative destruction process, 76 entrepreneurial incentives. See also Entrepreneurial incentives, 94–99 entrepreneurial talent, 78 formal institution, 80 GCC countries, 99–103 informal institution, 77 institutional economic theory, 77 Kuwait, 101–103 Latin America. See also Latin America, 73–74, 80–81, 83, 86–87 noncapital demanding sectors, 92–94 psychological traits, 76–77 society and media, 75 sociodemographic characteristics vs. entrepreneurial activity, 74 total early-stage entrepreneurial activity (TEA), 92–93 transaction costs, 77–78 trends and challenges, 94 Female networks, 337–338 Female-owned small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), 15–16, 18–19, 43–44 Female total entrepreneurial activity rate (TEA), 39 Feminist institutionalization, 185–186 Fixed effects (FEs), 50 correlation matrix, 54, 58 DPD model, 54, 56, 59 emission reduction score, 61 environmental performance, 59–60 gender diversity, 59–60 Hansen J-test, 59, 61 profitability, 61 statistics, 54, 57 system-GMM estimator, 56, 59 time-invariant country-specific effects, 56 transmission mechanism, 56 variables, 54–56 Formal financing, 43 France, 286 Frontier markets, 296 Gender asymmetries. See Female entrepreneurship Gender Development Index (GDI), 36–38 Gender differences, 301 Gender diversity, 50, 66 environmental impact, 51, 53 environmental performances, developed/developing countries, 62–63 firms’ board of directors, 53 fixed effects (FEs), 59–60 quality and intensity, 53 Refinitive Eikon database, 53 robustness analysis, 63–65 Gendered social capital. See also Turkey, 252–253 Gendered work ideology, 119–121 Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM), 36–38, 74 Gender equality, 247–248, 254 Gender gaps, 3–6, 329 entrepreneurship, 300–302 Iran, 229–230 Gender inequality, 35–36, 112, 301, 329 Gender roles China, 112–113 developing countries, 36–37, 40–41, 44 disadvantages, women entrepreneurs, 44 entrepreneurial cognition, 41–42 entrepreneurial financing, 42–43 entrepreneurial performance, 43–44 female entrepreneurship, 36, 39–41 GDI, 37–38 GEM, 37–38 inequality, 35–36 intention/entry/business, 36 Germany, 286, 320 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), 3–4, 92, 126, 229–230, 255, 322, 379 Adult Population Survey (APS), 361 China, 357 necessity vs. opportunity, 194 Global Innovation Index (GII), 103 Global Investable Market Indexes (GIMI), 296 Global financial crisis, 356 business activities, 358–361 China, 357 COVID-19, 356 entrepreneurial competencies, 358–361 gross domestic product (GDP), 361–362 opportunity alertness, 359 opportunity perception, 361 Goodness-of-fit model, 222, 364 Greece, 359 Gross domestic product (GDP) Afghanistan, 214 global financial crisis, 361–362 Growth ambitions, 374–375, 378 Growth aspiration, 382–383 Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, 106 business in, 100–101 economies, 100 SMEs, 99, 103 Hatami, Aseyeh, 323 Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM), 373 Human capital, 252–253, 302 perceived opportunities, 128 skills, 127–128 Human development index (HDI), 37 Hypotheses testing, 381–382 Hypothesized model, 378 India, 4, 356–357 entrepreneurial intention, 41–42 women’s social networks, 43–44 Industrialization, Persian economy, 179 Informal financing, 43 Information and communication technology (ICT), 44 Inheritance, 224 Initial coin offerings (ICOs), 327–328 Innovation. See also Female Emirati entrepreneurs, 13–15, 17, 373–375, 378 female-owned SMEs, 15–16 vision, 20 Instagram, 298, 307, 309 Institutional economic theory, 77 Institutional Revolution, 180 Institutional support, 377–378 Institutional theory, 17 Institutional triangulation, 184, 186 Instrumental variable approach, 51 International Monetary Fund, 254 Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA), 150–151 Iran, 4, 317–318, 335–336 cultural context, 232 customs and beliefs, 327 entrepreneurial ecosystem, 318–320 family norms, 238 fear of failure, 329 financial sanctions, 230 funding, 327–328 gender gaps, 229–230 gender inequality, 329 husband’s consent to work, 239 masculine workplace, 237 men’ manipulative behaviors, 236 men’s sensitivity, 239 Ministry of Cooperatives, Labor, and Social Welfare, 234–235 networking activity, 340 population, 229–230 qualitative research, 234–235 semitraditional society, 238–239 sexual harassment, 238 social expectations, 327 social security, 237–238 society’s perception, 235–236 sociocultural circumstances, 230 support networks, 328–329 unemployment rate, 229–230 women entrepreneurs, 320–322 women entrepreneurship status, 230, 232–234 women’s business activities, 236 women’s responsibility, home, 239 work–life balance, 328 Iranian Businesswomen Association, 340 IranSalary, 323 Iraq, 233 Japan, 254 Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin (KMO), 216–218 Kauffman Foundation, 302 Kazakhstan, 255, 283 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), 392 Kosovo, work–life balance (WLB), 161–162 Albanian-speaking countries, 160–161 challenges, women entrepreneurs, 146, 149–150 daily business operations, 148 data collection, 154 demographic data, 150, 154, 157 difficulties, women entrepreneurs, 154, 156–157 economic development, 146 family members, business operations, 157–158 financial benefits, 150 limitations, 162 marital status, 158, 160 organizational environment, 149 qualitative approach, 150–151 sampling, 151 Kuwait, 105–106, 295–296 business in, 102–103 Digital Natives (DN), 304–306 gender split, 308 population, 101–102 social and economic developments, 102 social media, 303 Labor freedom, 129 predictive margins, corporate entrepreneurship, 136, 138 Labor market, Brazil degree of formalization, 198 female entrepreneurship, 199–200 GEM, 198 Gini coefficient, 197 informal economy, 199 social inequalities, 198 unemployment rate, 198 LagEmis. Score, 54, 58 Latin America, 3–4, 229–230 business regulatory environment, 129–130 control variables, 131–132 corporate entrepreneurship activity, 126 corporate entrepreneurship correlation variables, 131, 133–134 corporate entrepreneurship rate overview, 131, 133, 136 dependent variables, 131–132 emerging economies, 127 entrepreneurial behavior, 126 family-related factors, 126 female entrepreneurship, 73–74, 80–81, 83, 86–87 GEM data, 126, 130, 140 gender role, 126 human capital, 127–128 independent variables, 131–132 labor freedom, 129 labour market, 81, 83, 87 means and standard deviation, 131, 133 part-time factors, 126 total entrepreneurial activity correlation variables, 131, 133, 135 women’s participation, working population, 125 Latifi, Tabassom, 325–326 Lebanon, 240–241 Liberal feminist theory, 139 LinkedIn, 298 Liquidity, 296 Luxemburg, 286 Madagascar, 39, 229–230 Male-dominated entrepreneurial community, 121–122 Male total entrepreneurial activity rate (TEA), 39 MamanPaz, 325–326 Market-oriented economy, 112 Masculine business environments, 236 Mass entrepreneurship, 357–358 Meerut Seva Samaj (MSS), 44 MENA region, R&D investments and innovation, 15 Men’ manipulative behaviors, 236 Men’s sensitivity, 239 Meta-analysis, 254–255 Mexico, 3–4, 39 Microenterprises, 371–372 Microfinance, 392–394 women empowerment nexus and, 394, 396–397, 399 women household financing and, 396–397 Middle East and North Africa (MENA), 240–241, 286–287, 296–297, 372–373 capital differentials, 378 early-stage female entrepreneurs, 373 innovation and growth ambitions, 375–378 Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF), 254 Ministry of Cooperatives, Labor, and Social Welfare, 234–235 Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development (MRRD), 226–227 Moẓaffar-al-Din Shāh-e Qājār reign (1896–1907), constitutional revolution and women, 172–173 Moḥammad-‘Ali Shāh-e Qājār reign (1907–1909), 173–174 Moḥammad Réżā Shāh-e Pahlavi reign (1941–1979), 179–181 Modern Persia, socio-historicism approach absolutism, 183 Aḥmad Shāh-e Qājār reign (1909–1925), 174–176 Bazaar economy, 184 ecosystemic factors, 184–185 feminist institutionalization, 185–186 formal rules, 167–168 Incumbent Islamic Republic (1979–Until Now), 181–183 informal constraints, 167–168 institutional change, 167–168 institutional history, 167 institutional triangulation, 184, 186 institution, definition, 167–168 macro-level institutions, 183 Moẓaffar-al-Din Shāh-e Qājār reign (1896–1907), constitutional revolution and women, 172–173 Moḥammad-‘Ali Shāh-e Qājār reign (1907–1909), 173–174 Moḥammad Réżā Shāh-e Pahlavi reign (1941–1979), 179–181 Nāṣer al-Dīn Shāh-e Qājār reign (1848–1896), revolutionary will and women incubation, 168–172 patriarchal gender contract, 183–184 Persian identity and mentality, 165–166 religio-conservative male-dominant culture, 166–167 Réżā Shāh-e Pahlavi reign (1925–1941), 176–179 sex division, labor, 184 social intention, 166–167 sociopolitical economy, 184–185 women domesticity, 183–184 Motivational factors, 217–218 MSCI Index, 296 National Action Plan on Gender Equality, 254 National entrepreneurial development, 115–117 National Entrepreneurship Context Index (NECI), 233 National Expert Survey (NES), 379 Need-driven entrepreneurship, 95–96 Neoliberal economic programs, 83–84 Nāṣer al-Dīn Shāh-e Qājār reign (1848–1896), revolutionary will and women incubation, 168–172 Netherland, 286 Network composition, 343–344 Networking. See Social networks Network Visualization Co-occurrence Map, 269 New technology-based firms (NTBFs), 319–320 Niknam, Nikoo, 326 Nordics, 372–373 capital differentials, 378 early-stage female entrepreneurs, 373 innovation and growth ambitions, 375–378 North America, 286–287 need-driven and prospect-driven entrepreneurship, 95–96 NVIVO 10, 18–19 Online reputation assessment, 296 Open-source software, 296 Opportunity-alertness, 78–79, 359 Opportunity recognition, 357 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 371–372 Organizational dynamics, 248 Organizational innovation, 16, 18–19 Pakistan, 42–43, 403–404 data analysis, 401–403 economic empowerment, 396, 400 empowerment, 400 familial empowerment, 400 microfinance, 392–394, 396–397, 399 monetary investment rate, 393–394 nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 392–393 personal empowerment, 400 political empowerment, 396, 400 population, 391–392 questionnaire instrument, 399 social empowerment, 396, 400 State Bank of Pakistan (SBP), 393–394 well-being, 396 women empowerment nexus, 394, 396–397 women household financing, 396–397 Patriarchal cultural hegemony, 183–184, 186 Persian carpet industry, 176 Persian Constitutional Law, 172 Persian oil nationalization, 179–180 Philippines, 3–4 Policymakers, 5–6 Political empowerment, 396 Preentrepreneurial work experience, 113–115 Proletarianization, 179 Prospect-driven entrepreneurship, 95–96 protectionism policy, 170 Proto-capitalistic behavior, 175–176 Psychological factors, 218 Qatar, 39, 229–230, 240–241 Qājār dynasty, 170–171 Regional gender equality, 37 Re-institutionalization progra, 180 Relative necessity entrepreneurs, 195 Reliability test, 218 Refinitive Eikon database, 53 Resource allocation, 374 Resource-based view (RBV), 16 Réżā Shāh-e Pahlavi reign (1925–1941), 176–179 Risk-propensity, 78–79 Risk-taking behavior, 52–53 Robustness analysis, gender diversity, 63–65 Rogers’s model, 17 Role-modeling, 78–80 Root mean squared error of approximation (RMSEA), 222 Rural Women Unit, 254 Russia, 285 Saudi Arabia, 39, 229–230, 240–241 Saudi women entrepreneurs, 101 Self-confidence, 338, 357–359 Self-efficacy, 78–79, 309 Self-employment, 5, 85–86, 114, 200, 204–205, 208 Semitraditional society, 238–239 Serbia, 295–296 Digital Natives (DN), 304–306 gender split, 308 social media, 306 Sexual discrimination, 236 Sexual harassment, 238 Shayegh, Narges, 325 Slovenia, 346 Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). See also Female Emirati entrepreneurs, 6, 13–14, 18, 397–398 characteristics, 18–19 COVID-19 pandemic, 104, 106–107 female-owned, 15–16 GCC countries, 99, 103 implications, 29–30 Small businesses’ innovation, 14 Social acceptance, 236 Social actors, 375–376 Social capital, 247–248, 302, 338 decision-making mechanisms, 253 defined, 248, 252 gendered, 252–253 structural holes, 270 women entrepreneurs and, 253–254 Social embeddedness, 373 Social empowerment, 396 Social feminism, 252–253 Socialized gender role, 36–37 Social media, 296–297, 300, 303 Social networking sites (SNSs), 298 Social networks, 247–248, 345, 348, 376–377 advantages, 345 China, 360 context, 339–340 data analysis, 341 female’s businesses, 339 network composition, 343–344 networking challenges, 344–345 research approach, 341 role of networks, 342–343 sample and data collection, 341 women’s entrepreneurship, 337–338 Social security, 237 limitations, 237–238 Society’s perception, 235–236 Socioeconomic performance, 248 South Asia, 214 Southeast Europe, 296 Spain, 39, 283–284 Sri Lanka, 240–241 State-owned enterprises, 113 Sub-saharan Africa, 95–96 Sweden, 283–284 Switzerland, 286 Syria, 233 System-GMM estimator, 51 Tata Consultancy Services, 296–297 Tobacco Régie (1891–1892), 169 Total entrepreneurial activity (TEA), 3–4, 92–93, 95–96, 192, 340, 356–357 correlation variables, 131, 133, 135 individual characteristics, 97–99 logistic regressions, 133, 136–137 Total establishing entrepreneurial activity (TEE), 192 Turkey, 247, 249, 271, 280, 283–284, 320 bureaucratic procedures, 251 cluster comparison, 282 coding, 254–255 content analysis, 254–255, 281 education system, 251 entrepreneurial behavior and attitudes, 281–285 entrepreneurial framework conditions, 285–287 entrepreneurial intention, 41–42 factor analysis, 249–250, 281 formal and nonformal education programs, 251 gendered social capital, 252–253 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), 255 limitations, 287–288 male-dominated discourse, 270–281 Network Visualization Co-occurrence Map, 269 quantitative analysis, 254–255 social capital, 252–254 women entrepreneurship, 249 women entrepreneurs problems, 250–251 Twitter, 298 UNEP’s Global Resources Outlook, 51, 53 United Arab Emirates (UAE), 6, 13–16, 101 United Nations (UN), 393–394 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development’s (UNCTAD’s), 324–325 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN-SDGs), 7, 52, 92 United States, 39, 356 Vafaey, Lena, 326 Variance inflation factors (VIFs), 54 Venture capital (VC) funds, 320 Vietnam, 3–4 Village-level savings groups (VSLAs), 226–227 Voluntary entrepreneurs developed environment, 195 poor environment, 195 White Revolution, 180 Women domesticity, 183–184 Women Economic Empowerment Rural Development program (WEE-RDP), 226–227 Women empowerment, 44 Women engagement, 3 Women household financing, 396–397 Women insecurity, 223–224 Women’s business activities, 236 Work–life balance, 328 World Bank, 214, 254, 300, 392 World Economic Forum, 233 Yemen, 233 YouTube, 307–309 Book Chapters Prelims Part 1 Conceptual Understanding of Woman Entrepreneurship in Developing Economies Chapter 1 Women Entrepreneurship Footprints: Some Introductory Reflections from Emerging Economies Prospects Chapter 2 Entrepreneurship and Innovation Emancipation among Women Entrepreneurs in Developing Countries Chapter 3 Gender Roles in Developing Countries and Women Entrepreneurs’ Intention/Entry/Business Engagement and Performance Chapter 4 Gender Diversity, Environmental Performances, and the Role of Countries' Development Status Part 2 Institutions, History, Culture as Catalysator or Blockage for Woman Entrepreneurship Chapter 5 Female Entrepreneurship in Latin America and the Key Role of Informal Institutions in the Reproduction of Gender Asymmetries Chapter 6 Women Entrepreneurship in Developing Countries: With Focus on GCC and Kuwait Chapter 7 Exploring Contextual Influences on Women's Everyday Entrepreneuring: A Case from China Chapter 8 The Role of Gender and Institutional Factors for Entrepreneurs and Corporate Entrepreneurs in Latin American Countries Chapter 9 Women Entrepreneurs and the Challenge of Work–Life Balance: Evidence from Kosovo Chapter 10 The Institutional History of Women Entrepreneurship in Modern Persia: A Socio-historicism Approach Chapter 11 Female Entrepreneurship à Brasileira: Entrepreneurship by Choice or Entrepreneurship by Force? Chapter 12 Women Entrepreneurship in Developing Countries: The Context of Afghanistan Chapter 13 Cultural Challenges of Women Entrepreneurs in Iran Chapter 14 Gendered Social Capital in Developing Countries: The Case of Turkey Part 3 Entrepreneurial Ecosystem and Female Digital Entrepreneurship Chapter 15 Digital Natives' Entrepreneurial Mindset: A Comparative Study in Emerging Markets Chapter 16 Entrepreneurial Ecosystem and Female Digital Entrepreneurship – Lessons to Learn from an Iranian Case Study Chapter 17 Networking Activity of Female Entrepreneurs Over Time: An Exploratory Case Study on Female Entrepreneurs from Early-Stage to Establishment Part 4 Early-stage Female Entrepreneurship, Drivers, and Outcomes Chapter 18 Lessons from Global Financial Crisis: Human Capital and Business Activities among Nascent Women Entrepreneurs in China Chapter 19 Innovation Amplifies Growth Ambitions of Early-Stage Female Entrepreneurs: More in Nordics, Less in MENA Region Chapter 20 Empowering Women through Microfinance Banks in Rural Areas of Pakistan Index

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