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Record W4206300744 · doi:10.1109/smc52423.2021.9658688

Algorithms for Reading Line Classification

2021· article· en· W4206300744 on OpenAlexaff
Xiaohao Sun, Balakumar Balasingam

Bibliographic record

Venue2021 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC) · 2021
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldComputer Science
TopicGaze Tracking and Assistive Technology
Canadian institutionsUniversity of Windsor
Fundersnot available
KeywordsComputer scienceArtificial intelligencePreprocessorGazeEye trackingComputer visionKalman filterLine (geometry)Noise (video)Pattern recognition (psychology)Eye movementSupport vector machineImage (mathematics)Mathematics

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Eye-Tracking has been emerging as a useful tool in human-computer interaction. However, the state of the art in eye-tracking applications suffers from a significant amount of measurement noise. Also, the inherent nature of the eye-gaze movement adds to the difficulty of obtaining valuable information from eye-gaze measurements. In this paper, a novel classification approach is proposed to classify the lines being read based on eye-gaze measurements. The proposed approach consists of a novel Kalman smoother-based preprocessing procedure to separate eye-gaze data corresponding to different text lines and to reduce variance. The preprocessed data is then used to train two different classifiers, one based on Gaussian discriminants and the other based on support vector machines. The resulting line-classification approach is shown to be superior in performance compared to other recent approaches.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Theoretical or conceptual · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: none
Teacher disagreement score0.957
Threshold uncertainty score0.724

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0010.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.128
GPT teacher head0.339
Teacher spread0.211 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designTheoretical or conceptual
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations0
Published2021
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes

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