Weaning among Colonists from Montreal and Environs
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paleochemical study explores the differences and similarities in weaning practices between two colonist populations buried in Montreal and its environs: the rural village cemetery of Pointe-aux-Trembles (PT, 1709–1843) and the urban Notre-Dame cemetery (ND, 1691–1796). Forty-six teeth (or individuals) were microsampled in both crown and root parts of the dentine (one to four and four to six sampling sites for deciduous and permanent teeth, respectively), totaling 56 microsamples for PT (seven M1, seven m1, and three m2) and 102 for ND (22 M1 and seven m1). For both sites, a general decrease of 1.3‰ in δ15N (ranging from 0.5‰ to 2.6‰) was observed between the first and last samples for permanent teeth (PT: five out of seven individuals; ND: 14 out of 22), and weaning seems to end around 2 years of age. As expected, in both parishes, weaning was mainly gradual (80%: PT; 86%: ND). An introduction of complementary food was also identified after 6 months of age (73%: PT; 81%: ND). The variation in δ15N profiles suggested other scenarios such as introduction of complementary foods just after birth (four PT and four ND), absence of breastfeeding (three PT and nine ND), and abrupt weaning (three ND). Environmental and socioeconomic factors might explain these individual variations, as infant feeding practices might have changed over time in these two growing and closely related parishes. Cette étude paléochimique explore les différences et les similitudes dans les pratiques de sevrage entre deux populations de colons enterrées à Montréal et ses environs : le cimetière rural du village de Pointe-aux-Trembles (PT, 1709–1843) et le cimetière urbain de Notre-Dame (ND, 1691–1796). Quarante-six dents (ou individus) ont été micro-échantillonnées dans la dentine de la couronne et des racines (1 à 4 et 4 à 6 sites d'échantillonnage pour les dents de lait et les dents permanentes respectivement), totalisant 56 micro-échantillons pour PT (7 M1, 7 m1 et 3 m2) et 102 pour ND (22 M1 et 7 m1). Pour les deux sites, une diminution du d 15N d’une moyenne de 1,3‰ (allant de 0,5 à 2,6‰) a été observé entre le premier et le dernier micro-échantillon pour les dents permanentes (PT : 5 sur 7 individus ; ND : 14 sur 22), et le sevrage semble se terminer vers l'âge de deux ans. Comme attendu, dans les deux paroisses, le sevrage a été principalement progressif (80 % : PT ; 86 % : ND). Une introduction d'aliments complémentaires a également été identifiée après l'âge de six mois (73 % : PT ; 81 % : ND). La variation des profils des valeurs de δ15N permet également de suggérer d'autres scénarios tels que : l'introduction d'aliments complémentaires juste après la naissance (4 PT et 4 ND), l'absence d'allaitement (3 PT et 9 ND) et un sevrage abrupt (3 ND). Des facteurs environnementaux et socio-économiques pourraient expliquer ces variations individuelles, car les pratiques d'alimentation des nourrissons pourraient avoir changé au fil du temps dans ces deux paroisses en pleine croissance et étroitement liées.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".