Bibliographic record
Abstract
According to the results of the most recent studies, most patients who develop postthrombotic manifestations become symptomatic within two years from the acute episode of DVT (1,(18)(19)(20)(29)(30)(31)(32)(35)(36)(37)39).These findings challenge the general view that the PTS requires many years to become manifest. Clinical diagnosis and objective diagnostic testing Clinical diagnosis and scoring systemsThe post-thrombotic syndrome is characterized by aching pain on standing, dependent edema, and the frequent development of brawny, tender induration of the subcutaneous www.intechopen.comDeep Vein Thrombosis 144 tissues of the medial lower limb, a condition that has been termed "lipodermatosclerosis".Pruritus and eczematous skin changes are frequently present, and a proportion of patients develops secondary superficial varicose veins as the syndrome evolves.Ulceration, often precipitated by minor trauma, arises in a considerable number of patients and is characteristically chronic and indolent with a high recurrence rate, once healing has been achieved.Uncommonly, patients with persistent obstruction may experience venous claudication, a bursting pain in the leg during exercise, which, in some respects, mimics arterial claudication (42).The clinical picture of the PTS is non-specific, as clinical conditions other than DVT may result in a similar set of symptoms and signs in the lower extremity, including superficial venous insufficiency, increased body mass index, and trauma (43-45).The diagnosis of the PTS is made based on the development of the above mentioned clinical manifestations in patients with a history of DVT, irrespective of the presence of venous abnormalities as shown by invasive or non-invasive diagnostic procedures.In the absence of characteristic signs and symptoms, the demonstration of venous abnormalities (such as venous reflux, persistent venous obstruction, or both) does not, in itself, allow a patient with a history of DVT to be defined as having PTS. Subjective SymptomsObjective Signs Heaviness Pretibial edema Pain nduration of the skin Cramps Hyperpigmentation Pruritus New venous ectasia Paresthesia Redness Pain during calf compression Ulceration of the skin *Each sign or symptom is graded with a score between 0 and 3.The presence of ulcer is only noted.PTS is classified as mild if the score is 5-9, moderate if the score is 10-14, and severe if the score is ≥ 15 or a venous ulcer is present.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.017 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".