Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article introduces the theory of spacetime impetus (SI). The theory unites Newtonian theory (NT) and the theory of general relativity (GR). To develop SI, we reformulated NT in spacetime and replaced the particle primitive in NT with the fragment of energy primitive in field theory. SI replaces Newton’s second law F = ma governing the motion of particles, where F, m, and a are, respectively, interaction force, mass, and acceleration, with the change equation P = k governing the motion of fragments of energy, where P and k are, respectively, action force and the curvature of a path in spacetime. To verify SI, we conducted three tests: Test 1 predicted the precession angles of Mercury and Jupiter, test 2 predicted the bending angle of light as it grazes the surface of the sun, and test 3 predicted the radius of the photon sphere. All three tests were in agreement with GR, the third corresponding to strong Riemannian curvature in GR. The equations of motion in SI are in terms of Cartesian coordinates and time and are relatively simple to solve. Undergraduate students in science and engineering and others with similar mathematical skills can validate the results for themselves.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".