Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the first quarter of the nineteenth century, just a handful of children’s press titles were circulating, with the didactic and evangelical output of the Sunday Schools and Religious Tract Society dominating. From 1866 to 1914, more than 500 children’s periodicals came into circulation, featuring well over 80 newspaper ‘children’s columns’, as publishers sought to produce reading that increasingly reflected the common pursuits of the widest range of juveniles. This piece undertakes a chronological account of the periodical growth in children’s literature over the course of the century, including the development of the boy’s papers from the 1850s onwards, and moves by publishers to broaden appeal by producing unisex publications such as Cassell’s <italic>Little Folks</italic>. The second half of the nineteenth century saw development of ‘house’ periodicals of campaigning movements, such as the RSPCA’s <italic>Band of Mercy</italic>. From the mid-century, newspapers began featuring children’s columns written for children, with purpose of educating young readers, organising charitable work and acting as a forum for carrying epitaphs for child readers. Such themes are examined through the lens of the most successful children’s column, the <italic>Newcastle Weekly Chronicle’s</italic> Dicky Bird Society, which began in 1876.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".